What causes congenital lymphedema in Turner syndrome?

Congenital lymphedema in Turner syndrome is primarily caused by the abnormal development of the lymphatic network. Turner syndrome is a genetic condition that occurs when there is a complete or partial absence of one of the two X chromosomes in females. This genetic abnormality can lead to various developmental abnormalities, including issues with the lymphatic system.

In Turner syndrome, the underdevelopment or malformation of lymphatic vessels can result in an impaired ability to transport lymph fluid effectively. This dysfunction leads to the accumulation of lymphatic fluid, causing edema, particularly in the extremities, neck, and other areas. The presence of congenital lymphedema is often recognized at birth or early in life and is a direct manifestation of these anatomical and functional abnormalities in the lymphatic system associated with Turner syndrome.

The other choices do not accurately reflect the underlying cause of lymphedema in this context. For instance, while infection of lymphatic vessels could lead to edema, it is not a primary cause of congenital lymphedema. Similarly, obstruction of blood vessels and fluid overload due to heart failure are related to other pathophysiological mechanisms and do not explain the congenital aspects of lymphedema seen in Turner syndrome. Thus