What is a common risk factor for transposition of the great vessels?

Maternal diabetes is a recognized risk factor for transposition of the great vessels, which is a congenital heart defect characterized by the aorta and pulmonary artery being switched in their normal positions. The presence of maternal diabetes, especially if poorly controlled, can result in various embryonic and fetal development issues, including vascular anomalies. The exact mechanism isn't entirely understood, but it is known that high maternal glucose levels can lead to abnormal development during critical periods in gestation, contributing to the risk of congenital heart defects like transposition of the great vessels.

In contrast, other factors such as maternal smoking and chronic hypertension, while associated with various fetal complications and congenital anomalies, are not specifically linked to transposition of the great vessels. Advanced paternal age has also been associated with other genetic conditions and congenital heart defects, but it does not carry the same level of risk specifically for transposition.