What is the most common pathogen associated with acute cervical adenitis in children under 5 years of age?

Acute cervical adenitis in children under 5 years of age is most commonly associated with Staphylococcus aureus. This bacterium is a prominent pathogen in pediatric patients, often presenting with swollen, tender lymph nodes that can become purulent. In younger children, particularly, Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of infections, including skin and soft tissue infections, making it a frequent culprit in cases of cervical lymphadenopathy.

The clinical scenario typically involves the rapid onset of cervical lymphadenitis, often following an upper respiratory tract infection. The nodes may be warm, erythematous, and fluctuating in consistency, indicating possible abscess formation. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent complications.

Other pathogens listed can cause cervical adenitis but are less common in the specific population of children under 5. For instance, Streptococcus pneumoniae is more often associated with respiratory infections, while Mycobacterium avium is linked to more chronic infections and is uncommon in acute presentations. Bartonella henselae, though responsible for cat scratch fever, typically presents with a different clinical profile and is not the most frequent pathogen in acute cases of cervical adenitis in this age group.