Which condition is associated with café au lait macules, ash-leaf spots, and port-wine stains?

The presence of café au lait macules, ash-leaf spots, and port-wine stains is indicative of several conditions, and each of these features can be associated with specific clinical syndromes.

Café au lait macules, which are light brown skin lesions, are primarily associated with neurofibromatosis, particularly NF1. Ash-leaf spots, which are hypopigmented macules, are classic for tuberous sclerosis, a genetic disorder characterized by the development of benign tumors in multiple organs including the brain and skin. Port-wine stains, which are flat, reddish-purple birthmarks, are most commonly linked with Sturge-Weber syndrome, a neurological and skin condition related to the presence of a facial capillary malformation.

When considering these conditions collectively, all three can present with overlapping dermatological findings. Neurofibromatosis is characterized by café au lait spots, tuberous sclerosis can present with ash-leaf spots, and Sturge-Weber syndrome is associated with port-wine stains. Thus, the phrasing "all of the above" accurately captures the idea that each condition is associated with one of the features mentioned, although not all features appear in every condition. Recognizing the associations and manifestations of these