Which neonatal lung pathology presents with coarse infiltrates and lung hyperexpansion on X-ray?

Meconium aspiration syndrome is characterized by the presence of thick meconium in the amniotic fluid that may be aspirated by the fetus during or before birth, leading to respiratory complications. On X-ray, this condition typically presents with coarse infiltrates, which are indicative of the presence of foreign material in the alveoli, and lung hyperexpansion. The hyperexpansion occurs as the lung attempts to compensate for the obstructive process caused by the meconium.

Additionally, the presence of coarse infiltrates reflects the inflammatory response and potential airway obstruction due to meconium, further contributing to the respiratory distress observed in affected neonates. This presentation is distinct from other neonatal lung pathologies, making meconium aspiration syndrome a key consideration in the differential diagnosis of respiratory distress in the newborn.