Which of the following are three noncyanotic heart defects?

Atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, and patent ductus arteriosus are all classified as noncyanotic heart defects. These conditions typically do not lead to significant mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, which is the primary cause of cyanosis.

An atrial septal defect allows blood to flow from the left atrium to the right atrium, leading to increased blood flow in the lungs without significant impact on the systemic circulation. Similarly, in ventricular septal defect, there is a shunt from left to right ventricle, which does not result in reduced oxygenation of blood in the body but can lead to pulmonary overcirculation. Patent ductus arteriosus involves a persistent connection between the aorta and the pulmonary artery, allowing oxygenated blood to flow from the aorta back into the pulmonary artery, again without causing systemic cyanosis.

The other choices include conditions commonly associated with cyanosis or other pathologies that do not classify as noncyanotic heart defects. Cyanotic heart diseases like tetralogy of Fallot and tricuspid atresia involve structural anomalies that lead to some mixture of deoxygenated and oxygenated blood, leading to cyanosis. Coarctation of the a