Which of the following is a common physical exam finding in Fanconi anemia?

Fanconi anemia is a genetic disorder that leads to a variety of physical findings due to its impact on bone marrow function and other organ systems. One of the hallmark features observed in individuals with Fanconi anemia is microcephaly, which is characterized by a smaller-than-normal head size. This condition is often associated with developmental delays and may reflect the broader range of congenital abnormalities that can occur alongside the hematological manifestations of Fanconi anemia.

Microcephaly in Fanconi anemia can result from both the intrinsic developmental issues linked to the genetic mutations involved and the secondary effects of the hematological complications, such as anemia and low blood cell counts, which can affect overall growth and development. Recognizing microcephaly as a common physical exam finding helps healthcare professionals in early identification and management of this disorder, especially when combined with other clinical features like short stature, skin pigmentation abnormalities, and skeletal anomalies.

Other options, such as macrocephaly, a protruding tongue, or an enlarged spleen, are not characteristic findings in Fanconi anemia, as they may suggest other conditions or syndromic associations that are not typically linked to this specific disorder.